The Lincoln Wheat Penny has been a mainstay of American coinage and a favorite among collectors for decades. Introduced in 1909, it marked the first time a U.S. president appeared on regular coinage and reflected new priorities in design and commemoration.
History of the Lincoln Wheat Penny
The Lincoln Wheat Penny was issued to honor the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth. Victor David Brenner designed the obverse portrait of Lincoln, which replaced the Indian Head cent that had been in circulation for decades.
From 1909 to 1958 the reverse showed two wheat stalks framing the words ONE CENT. That reverse design is why collectors call these coins “wheat pennies.” The series spans important periods in U.S. history, including two world wars and the Great Depression.
Design and production of the Lincoln Wheat Penny
Obverse features: a right-facing profile of Abraham Lincoln with the inscription LIBERTY and the date. Brenner’s initials (VDB) appear on some issues and were the subject of early controversy.
Reverse features: two stylized wheat stalks and the mottos UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and E PLURIBUS UNUM. The simple design made the coin durable and recognizable for decades.
Why collectors value the Lincoln Wheat Penny
Several factors drive collector interest: historical significance, design, and the variety of dates and mint marks. Many wheat pennies circulated widely and survived in mixed condition, which makes finding high-grade examples satisfying for collectors.
Key collecting appeals include mint errors, rare dates, and proof or uncirculated specimens. Condition and eye appeal often determine market value more than rarity alone.
Key dates and rare varieties of the Lincoln Wheat Penny
- 1909-S VDB and 1909-S: Early San Francisco issues are sought after.
- 1914-D: A well-known key date that is scarce in high grade.
- 1931-S: Another date that is harder to find in good condition.
- 1955 Doubled Die Obverse: A famous error with visible doubling on the date and lettering.
- 1943 Copper Varieties: Most 1943 cents were steel; copper examples are extremely rare.
How to identify and grade a Lincoln Wheat Penny
Start by checking the date and mint mark. Mint marks (D, S) appear on the obverse near the date on certain years. Presence and clarity of the mint mark affect rarity and value.
Grading basics: look at wear on high points like Lincoln’s cheek and jawline. Use a magnifier to see fine details and hairlines. Surface quality, luster, and any contact marks also matter.
Simple identification checklist
- Confirm the date and mint mark.
- Look for doubling, repunched mint marks, or rotated dies.
- Check metal composition: 1909–1942 and 1944–1958 are copper (95% copper until 1943), while 1943 cents were mostly steel.
- Assess wear: Good, Fine, Extremely Fine, About Uncirculated, Mint State.
For suspected rare or error coins, seek authentication from reputable services like PCGS or NGC. Professional grading can significantly affect sale price and buyer confidence.
The Lincoln Wheat Penny was the first regularly circulating U.S. coin to bear the image of a real person. Before 1909, U.S. circulating coins typically featured allegorical figures rather than named individuals.
Preserving and storing Lincoln Wheat Pennies
Proper handling prevents unnecessary wear. Always touch coins at the edges and avoid cleaning them with abrasive methods. Cleaning often reduces a coin’s value.
Storage tips include using inert coin holders, flips, or hard plastic slabs for valuable pieces. Keep coins in a stable, dry environment with low humidity.
- Handle by edges and use cotton gloves for high-value coins.
- Store in acid-free holders or airtight containers to prevent toning and corrosion.
- Label each holder with date, mint mark, and any notable variety or grade.
Case study: Finding value in a pocket change discovery
A hobbyist checking change at a local coffee shop found a worn but distinctive 1955 doubled die obverse Lincoln Wheat Penny. The doubling was visible on the date and the words IN GOD WE TRUST.
After photographing the coin and consulting a local coin dealer, the hobbyist submitted the penny for authentication. The certified piece attracted buyers interested in error coins and sold through an auction to a specialist collector. This example highlights how everyday finds can become significant when varieties are present.
Buying and selling Lincoln Wheat Pennies
When buying, inspect coins carefully and ask for provenance or a certificate for high-value items. Compare prices across dealers, auctions, and online marketplaces to get a sense of market value.
When selling, consider professional grading if the coin may be a key date or error. Graded coins typically command higher and more consistent prices at auction and through dealers.
- Use reputable dealers and check return policies.
- Get multiple opinions for high-value or unusual pieces.
- Document the coin with clear photos and any grading certificates.
The Lincoln Wheat Penny is more than a coin: it is a small, tangible piece of American history. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced collector, learning to identify dates, varieties, and proper preservation techniques will enrich your collecting experience and protect value.
Start by examining pennies you already own. With attention to detail and basic tools, you may discover historically important or valuable pieces in everyday places.
